TRACK 45 TRANSPRIPT
Narrator
Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.
Professor . .
OK, I have an interesting plant species to discuss with you today. Uh, it s a species of a very rare tree that grows in Australia—Eidothea hardeniana but it s better known as the Nightcap Oak.
Now, it was discovered only very recently, just a few years ago. Uh, it remained hidden for so long because it’s so rare, there’re only about, oh, two hundred of em in existence. They grow in a rain forest, in a mountain range in the north part of New South Wales, which is, uh, a state in Australia. So just two hundred individual trees in all.
Now, another interesting thing about the Nightcap Oak is that it is … it represents … a-a very old … type, a kind of a tree that grew… a hundred million years ago. Uh, we found fossils that old that bear a remarkable resemblance to the tree. So, it’s a primitive tree, a living fossil, you might say. It’s a relic from earlier times, and it has survived all these years without much change. And … it-it’s probably a kind of tree from which other trees that grow in Australia today evolved. Just-just to give you an idea of what we’re talking about, here’s a picture of the leaves of the tree and its flowers.
I dunno how well you can see the flowers; they’re those little clusters sitting at the base of the leaves.
OK, what have we tried to find out about the tree since we’ve discovered it? Hmm well, how… why is … is it so rare is one of the first questions. Uh, how is it, uh how does it reproduce, is another question. Uh, maybe those two questions are actually related? Jim.
Male student
Hmm, I dunno, but I can imagine that… for instance … uh, seed dispersal might be a factor – I mean, if the, uh, y’know if the seeds cannot really disperse in a wide area then you know the tree may not, uh, colonize new areas, it-it can’t spread from the area where it’s growing.
Professor
Right, that’s-that’s actually a very good answer. Uh, of course, you might think there might not be many areas where the tree could spread into, uh, because, uh, well it’s- it’s vefy specialized in terms of the habitat. But that’s not really the case here, uh, the-the suitable habitat-habitat that is the actual rain forest is much larger than-than the few hectares where the Nightcap Oak grows. Now, this tree is a flowering tree as I showed you, uh, uh, it-it produces a fruit, much like a plum, on the inside there s a seed with a hard shell. Uh, it-it appears that the shell has to crack open or break down somewhat to allow the seed to soak up water. If the Nightcap Oak remains, if their seeds remain locked inside their shell, they will not germinate. Now actually the seeds, uh, they don’t retain the power to germinate for very long, maybe two years, so there’s actually quite a short window of opportunity for the seed to germinate. So the shell somehow has to be broken down before this, uh, germination ability expires. And-and then there’s a kind of rat that likes to feed on the seeds as well. So, given all these limitations, not many seeds that the tree produces will actually germinate. So this is a possible explanation for why the tree does not spread. It doesn’t necessarily explain how it became so rare but it explains why it doesn’t increase.
OK, so it seems to be the case that this species, uh this Nightcap Oak, is not very good at spreading. However, it seems, though we can’t be sure, that it’s very good at persisting as a population. Uh, uh, we, uh, there-there’re some indications to suggest that the population of the Nightcap Oak has not declined over the last, uh, y’know, many hundreds of years. So, it’s stayed quite stable; it-it’s not a remnant of some huge population that has dwindled in the last few hundred years for some reason. It’s not necessarily a species in retreat. OK, so it cannot spread very well but it’s good at maintaining itself. It’s rare but it’s not disappearing. OK, the next thing we might wanna ask about a plant like that is what chances does it have to survive into the future. Let’s look at that.
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TRACK 47 TRANSPRIPT
Narrator
Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.
Student
Professor Martin?
Professor
Hi, Lisa—what can I do for you?
Student
Well, I’ve been thinking about, you know, what you were saying in class last week? About how we shouldn’t wait until the last minute to find an idea and get started working on our term paper?
Professor
Good, good. And have you come up with anything?
Student
Well, yeah, sort of—see, I’ve never had a linguistics class before, so I was sort of… I mean, I was looking over the course description, and a lot of the stuff you’ve described there, I just don’t know what it’s talking about, you know? Or what it means. But there was one thing that really did jump out at me …
Professor
Yes…?
Student
The section on dialects? ‘Cause, like, that’s the kind of thing that’s always intrigued me, you know?
Professor
Well, that’s certainly an interesting topic, but you may not realize, I mean, the scope…
Student
Well, especially now, ’cause I’ve got, like, one roommate who’s from the South, and another one from New York, and we all talk, like, totally different, you know?
Professor
Yes, I understand, but…
BuUhen I was noticing, like, we don’t really get into this till the end of the semester, you know? So I…
Professor
So you want some pointers where to go for information on the subject? Well, you could always start by reading the chapter in the book on sociolinguistics; that would give you a basic understanding of the key issues involved here.
Student
Yeah, that’s what I thought! So I started reading the chapter, you know—about how everyone speaks some dialect of their language? And I’m wondering, like, well, how do we even manage to understand each other at all?
Professor
Ah! Yes, an interesting question. You see …
Student
So then I read the part about “dialect accommodation”—you know, the idea that people tend to adapt their speaking to make it closer to the speech of whoever they’re talking to. And I’m thinking, yeah, / do that when I talk with my roommates! And w.th- out even thinking about it or anything, you know?
Professor .
OK, all right—”dialect accommodation” is a more manageable sort of topic …
Student
So I was thinking, like, I wonder just how much other people do the same thing? I mean, there’s students here from all over the place; does everyone change the way they talk to some degree, depending on who they’re talking to?
Professor
You’d be surprised!
Student
So anyway, my question is, do you think it’d be OK if I did a project like that for my term paper? You know, find students from different parts of the country, record them talking to each other in different combinations, report on how they accommodate their speech or not, that kind of thing?
Professor
Tell you what, Lisa: Write me up a short proposal for this project—how you re going to carry out the experiment and everything, a-a design plan-and I think this’ll work out just fine!